Le Mura Sectional Sofa by Mario Bellini for Cassina, Italy, 1970s. Cassina’s illustrious. We were longing for a taste of Roman pizza, having returned a month ago from Italy. Marble Tables by Angelo Mangiarotti, 1970s. Chrome. Mario Bellini Table Lamp Area for Artemide, 1970s. Explore the styles and features of Cassina furniture on our official website. W 18. 1935) Pair of 'Cab' Armchairs, c. A free form that lends movement to space and enhances the objects it holds, thanks to the compositional complexity of the assembled elements. Green painted wood and wicker seat. The extensive array of shapes and sizes of design chairs, lounge chairs and stools, designed for a variety of uses and furnishing styles, is further enhanced by sophisticated materials and rich, bright colours used to customise the distinctive upholstery and ultra-soft padding. Read more about Chairs. Materials. Explore our Contract services. £6,401. Share. Italian furniture manufacturing giant Cassina, originally named Amedeo Cassina, was founded by brothers Cesare (1909-1979) and Umberto (1910-1992) Cassina in Meda, Italy in 1927. Leather-wrapped panels attached by zippers that is a classic Bellini design element. Lot Description Gianfranco Frattini (1926-2004) 'Sesann' Coffee Table Cassina, Italy. F. I. Located in Saint Louis, MO. Lc3 Armchair Le Corbusier for Cassina, 1990s. 96 in. Le Corbusier; Pierre Jeanneret; Charlotte Perriand; 1928; LC3; Armchair; France; Italy; Cassina; Bauhaus; Modernism; LC3 single armchair for Cassina. Leather "Palmaria" Lounge Chiar by Vico Magistretti for Cassina, Italy, 1980. The brand, with its origins deeply rooted in Italy, pushes boundaries and redefines functional and aesthetically pleasing furniture. Measures: H 75 x W 58 x D 45 cm. Visit the Cassina Store Milan on via Durini 16, 20122, Milan. p. 000,00. best in print Studio Mathias Clottu UK. Cassina has become the latest Italian design brand. Pair of LC1 chairs by Le Corbusier for Cassina, 1970s. l. H 30. Ten thin wedges are stacked on each other, hinged at the apex of an articulated enameled steel frame. Stool - "9, Tabouret", designed by Charlotte Perriand for Cassina. The physical condition of lots in our auctions can vary due to age, normal wear and tear, previous damage, and restoration/repair. Designed for Le Corbusier’s Capitol Complex building in Chandigarh, India, this design armchair is a reinterpretation by Cassina as a tribute to Pierre Jeanneret, a key figure in building the city. Amy Frearson | 4 February 2022 Leave a comment. Zanotta's story is the story of sixty years of insights and records, of risks and curiosity, and above all of special results that few companies can boast: with over 550 products made, Zanotta has a place of its own in the great world of design. Metal. Direzione e coordinamento di. F. l. The qualification and final rounds took place on August 14 and August 23 at the Olympic Indoor Hall. An icon with an aptitude for versatility and functionality designed in 1927 by Charlotte Perriand for her Paris atelier in Place Saint-Sulpice. The Battle of Monte Cassino, also known as the Battle for Rome, was a series of four military assaults by the Allies against German forces in Italy during the Italian Campaign of World War II. Cassina Rizzardi. The Maralunga sofa by Vico Magistretti is a design furniture icon. 040. 000. The Cassina Perspective Goes Outdoor: Metropolitan Terrace. ramping yang ditautkan,beech Desain oleh: Koloman Moser Reissue: Wittmann, Austria Kursi Cabaret Fledermaus, tahun 1905-1906 beech . The comune is bounded by other communes of Cernusco sul Naviglio, Bussero, Gorgonzola, Melzo and Vignate . Founded in 1927 in Meda, Italy, by brothers Cesare and Umberto Cassina, the Italian manufacturing giant. Kirstie McCarthy. The objective was to break through the Winter Line and facilitate an advance towards Rome. The abbey on Monte Cassino was originally founded by Saint Benedict in 529, making it one of Europe's oldest monasteries. Furniture Maker - Lombardia, Italy. 1935) Pair of 'Cab' Armchairs, c. The chair is a symbol of timeless elegance and. It has a revolutionary and essential design that has been an immediate. Leather. Cromata structure. Milano, Maxalto unique store window currently on display. The company launched its custom interiors business, creating furnishings for hotels. Description. l. Italy, 2009. Guided by the art direction of. Busnelli 20821 Meda (MB) Capitale Sociale € 16. Renowned Italian furniture designer Willy Rizzo is celebrated for having produced eye-catching, sensational showpieces that merged plush fabrics with wood, metal and glass. Cassina, a world leader in iconic Italian design, offers a collection of dining tables that reflects the authenticity and quality craftsmanship that make its products so unique. r. Located in Berlin, DE. For Sale on 1stDibs - Design by Gio Ponti for Bonacina 1889, 1963. Rare Soriana chaise longue/lounger by Afra & Tobia Scarpa for Cassina, Italy, 1970, It''s reupholstered in a beautiful textured fabric by Bruder. chrome-plated steel, mirrored glass. From the outset, Busnelli and Cassina set about recruiting the most talented modernists in Italy to conceive of creative furnishings manufactured in modern ways. Great international illustrators interpret Maxalto collection's most iconic products. The Cassina Perspective Goes Outdoor: Little Private Paradise. Explore the Cassina single and king-size beds and bedside tables. The idea of developing custom projects originated in 1927, when brothers Cesare and Umberto Cassina founded "Figli di Amedeo Cassina" to create Italy’s finest handcrafted furniture. 682039 - PARTITA IVA E REG. p. $6,900. 1965. The company is located in Solaro near to Milan (Italy) with extensive offices and. £4,983. Improve this listing. Italian comfort and savoir-faire goes into Maxalto’s designer chairs. Cassina’s illustrious legacy includes being one of the first companies to bring industrial design to Italy in the 1950s. Cassina’s illustrious. Materials. Defying the laws of physics, going beyond what weVico Magistretti Maralunga Sofa, Maralunga sofa, designed by Vico Magistretti for Cassina, Italian manufacture dating back to the seven. . Claimed. DISCOVER MORE. Important early edition 'La Rotonda' Dining Table designed by Mario Bellini in 1977 and manufactured by Cassina now available. Explore the styles and features of Cassina furniture. In 2014 an updated version with stitching along the perimeter of the cushions celebrated the 40th anniversary of the Maralunga sofa, an international bestseller steeped in timeless beauty and functionality. Favorite. Item overview. Click here for the official website of the Benedictine Abbey at Montecassino. Explore the Cassina furniture collection. Pair of elegant armchairs, model '849', designed by Gianfranco Frattini for Cassina in circa 1956, walnut with New upholstered Verde Salvia Green velvet. iscrizione Registro Imprese 09731630159. Explore Cassina's selection of both classic and contemporary designer armchairs, including the LC3 by Le Corbusier. Cassina. Experiment new colour combinations, with striking blends of scale and unusual geometries, in precious leathers, tactile fabrics, fine woods and shiny metallic finishes, and rediscover the harmony of unique and eclectic spaces, from the living and dining areas to the bedroom, to define an exclusive and contemporary home. 000,00 REA MB - 1311974 C. Option 3, Vienna to Split using the Budapest-Split sleeper train Adria, 3 times per week in summer - if option 2 is fully-booked or expensive. Cab is the world’s first free-standing cowhide design chair, informed by the relationship between the skeleton and the skin; an authentic example of production excellence that requires multiple stages of artisan workmanship to create a trendy tailored-to-fit object. F. Designer Sofas and Modern Chaise Longues. CAB 413 Chair - Pro, Mario Bellini, a design furniture icon. Their original home furnishing line. Cassina. iscrizione Registro Imprese 09731630159 Ufficio del Registro Imprese di Milano Monza Brianza Lodi Partita IVA 00976180968 Direzione e coordinamento di Haworth Italy Holding S. 068. 000. 6384” E. Original brown velvet. Used only a few times. Igor Cassina (Italian pronunciation: [ˈiːɡor kasˈsiːna]; born 15 August 1977) is an Italian gymnast who won gold in the men's horizontal bar at the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens. Perfect inside and out. Known for it's research and innovation, the Cassina brand featured iconic work by great desingers including LeCorbusier, Bellini, Mackintosh, Wright, Rietveld, Lissoni, Perriand, Albini, Magistretti, Zanuso, Pesce, Ponti and Starck. An 11-Day Pilgrimage to Italy. Model 'Viola d'amore' by Piero de Martini for Cassina. WomenThe Met family comprises stand-alone and sectional sofas and an armchair, in a product range that also includes a club chair and chaise longue, for relaxing and sharing. Shop by style, brand, or room. St. This stylish and comfo. This stool/low table was created for the children’sPair of LC1 Armchairs by Le Corbusier for Cassina, Italy, 1970s. r. 5. It was St. His work ranged from urban planning and architecture to furniture and product design. l. D 37. By Afra & Tobia Scarpa, Cassina. Call to schedule your showroom appointment. Original Chesterfield Vintage Brown Three Seat Sofa. Cassina S. 000,00 REA MB - 1311974 C. The company was pioneering in the way that it showed a. W 94. There were 79 competitors from 29 nations, with nations competing. Chair designed by Gerrit Rietveld in 1920. We parked right in front at 7:00 PM on a Saturday, which was a pleasure. カッシーナ (企業) カッシーナ （ 伊: Cassina S. Determinato: 11/2/2023: IT - Italy; IT - Italy/Monza Brianza: OPERATIONS: Cassina China Visual Merchandiser: 10/31/2023: CN - China; CN - China/Shanghai: RETAIL: Cassina Junior Product Manager iMaestri. 8. Curved Loveseat Sofa, Italy 1960s. Manufactured by Cassina in Italy. . Cassina. In the beginning of 1944, the western half of the Winter Line was. Explore the styles and features of Cassina furniture. 2 H x 27. Find out more on the official website. Chrome and leather Italian Mid-Century rocking chair Condition: Vintage condition, wear consistent with age and use. Category Mid-20th Century Italian Mid-Century Modern Dining Room Chairs. A - Sede legale: 1, Via L. View Full Details. Cassina’s illustrious. 2013/12/06 - Pinterest で taruho さんのボード「gio ponti」を見てみましょう。。「家具, 椅子, インテリア 家具」のアイデアをもっと見てみましょう。Chaise Lounge LC4 in Black Leather by Le Corbusier for Cassina, Italy, 2010. View Full DetailsHotels near Chiesa di San Giuseppe, Cassina Rizzardi on Tripadvisor: Find 42,848 traveler reviews, 35,800 candid photos, and prices for 629 hotels near Chiesa di San Giuseppe in Cassina Rizzardi, Italy. C. Lastly, the large version of the chair measures 54x47x82 cm. Owned by Federico Palazzari, Nemo creates “The Masters” collection, a unique selection of lamps designed by the masters of the twentieth century such as Le Corbusier, Charlotte. By Gio Ponti. View Full Details. The Cassina 2023 Collection also features a conscious and innovative project by Patricia Urquiola that introduces a new perspective on upholstered furniture and marks major progress for the interior design industry. Italian furniture manufacturing giant Cassina, originally named Amedeo Cassina, was founded by brothers Cesare (1909-1979) and Umberto (1910-1992) Cassina in Meda, Italy in 1927. Furniture manufacturer Cassina is a prolific design house for more reasons than one: It not only owns the licenses to an exquisite collection of iconic chairs, sofas, tables and other pieces from the 20th and 21st centuries but also produces original works that are characterized by innovation and the finest Italian craftsmanship. Fares start at €19. Category Mid-20th Century Italian Mid-Century Modern Armchairs. for. 2 W x 0 in. Find a Cassina StoreThe "Amedeo Cassina" company was created by the brothers Cesare and Umberto Cassina in 1927 in Meda, Brianza, (Northern Italy). Located in Brussels, BE. The. The Galli&Cassina Quality Assurance Framework & HSE according to ISO 9001-2008, ISO 14001 & ISO 18001 has been evaluated, approved, and accredited by. Ships in 10-11 weeks. Courtesy of Cassina. Materials. Since then Cassina has been producing furniture inspired by industrial design with excellent quality, including chairs, tables, armchairs, sofas, beds, closets, and shelves. Over the years, Cassina has worked very closely with Charlotte Perriand, her daughter Pernette and the Fondation Le Corbusier to introduce new versions and. best retail concept Cover Story Paint Finland. Lampe Decoration. This multifunctional recliner could be adjusted into various positions, and featured a removable and. Location of Cassina Rizzardi in Italy. Founded in 1927 in Meda, Italy, by brothers Cesare and Umberto Cassina, the Italian manufacturing giant. Rosewood side or coffee model 771 by Afra & Tobia Scarpa produced by Cassina, Italy, ca. Furniture manufacturer Cassina is a prolific design house for more reasons than one: It not only owns the licenses to an exquisite collection of iconic chairs, sofas, tables and other pieces from the 20th and 21st centuries but also produces original works that are characterized by innovation and the finest Italian craftsmanship. 000. Cassina has always invented and developed new products as well as true experiences, pushing itself beyond ordinary boundaries and defining new. Included among the “free-form” furnishings developed by the author between 1938 and 1939, the Mexique table was conceptualized and crafted in 1952 for. Italy. Step 1, travel from Vienna to Budapest by railjet train, leaving Vienna Hbf at 13:40 and arriving Budapest Keleti 16:19. Cassina is a leading brand of furniture and interior design, offering products by the great names in the history of design, such as Le Corbusier, Philippe Starck and Virgil Abloh. By Mario Bellini. (Cassina Italy)PRIVÉ Pure Leather Lounge Chairs. Ponti (1891–1979) designed thousands of furnishings and products — from cabinets, lamps and chairs to ceramics and coffeemakers — and his buildings, including the brawny Pirelli Tower (1956) in his native. A - Sede legale: 1, Via L. Generous, airy and well-lit spaces, perfect for socialising, host rooms that are arranged in a free and continuous sequence according to one’s own personality. 000,00 REA MB - 1311974 C. House Interior. Benedict. June 21, 2023 6:15am. Igor Cassina Q887034)For Sale on 1stDibs - Bookcase designed by Franco Albini in 1940. 311529 Fax: +39 0776. Six CAB 412 chairs by Mario Bellini for Cassina, Italy 1977. Share. r. p. One of Cassina’s worldwide best-seller. Founded in 1927 in Meda, Italy, by brothers Cesare and Umberto Cassina, the Italian manufacturing giant originally specialized in bespoke woodworking. Aficionados of Le Corbusier and Charlotte Perriand can tip their hats to Cassina, the high-end Italian furniture company, for having the savvy to acquire the rights to these designers’ iconic designs. Tel: +39 0776. Category 1970s European Mid-Century Modern Vintage 1stDibs 50. The Cassina Cab Chair can satisfy your need for an elegant seating implement. Evoking the bold colours and blowsy patterns of 1950s suburbia, it celebrates the kitsch which had long been derided by the rationalists who had dominated modern design. Located in Geneva, CH. Milan Design Week. A - Sede legale: 1, Via L. Revolutionary as much as it is quite different from any other in terms of shape and potential, this multifunctional table is a perfect summation of Charlotte Perriand’s take on l’art de vivre. Pair of Lounge Chairs by Gianfranco Frattini Cassina, Italy, 1956. By Le Corbusier. Cassina’s illustrious. Guided by the art direction of. We found the perfect spot at La Casina on Capitol Hill. iscrizione Registro Imprese 09731630159 Ufficio del Registro Imprese di Milano Monza Brianza Lodi Partita IVA 00976180968 Direzione e coordinamento di Haworth Italy Holding S. Six CAB 412 Chairs by Mario Bellini for Cassina, Italy 1977. “A new kind of chair, made entirely of cowhide, often. Cassina, founded in Meda in 1927, launched industrial design in Italy during the 1950s by taking a completely new approach which saw a shift from handcraftsmanship to serial production. H 18. La Cassina. . Cassina. Grey fabric and black stained wood. Cassina art director Patricia Urquiola at the Italian design company's new store in Los Angeles in front of a screen by Giacomo Balla. An icon of chair design and of Cassina’s masterful artisan craftsmanship. €964,00. SOCIAL. For Sale on 1stDibs - Stool designed by Le Corbusier in 1952-1959. Although initially specialized in bespoke woodworking and high-end interiors, by the 1950s the brothers took the company in a new direction, anticipating the growing. Manufactured by Cassina in Italy. Cassina is an international, eclectic design company, proudly rooted in Italy for over 90 years. Located in Reggio Emilia, IT. The meaning of CASSINA is a yaupon (Ilex vomitoria). iscrizione Registro Imprese 09731630159 Ufficio del Registro Imprese di Milano Monza Brianza Lodi Partita IVA 00976180968 Direzione e coordinamento di Haworth Italy Holding S. H 39. Explore Cassina furniture. Collections by Cassina. e nr. The padding that surrounds the armrests and the generous seat and backrest cushions convey the idea of on-the-spot comfort as well as elegance and. Cassina’s illustrious legacy includes being one of the first companies to bring industrial design to Italy in the 1950s. Cassina S. Liceo Ginnasio Giuseppe Parini and then enrolled, in the fall of 1939, in the Faculty of Architecture at the Regio Politecnico di. From cabinets, side tables, to poufs, this collection highlights the modern and contemporary design of Italian inspired pieces for your dream bedroom. [2] Cassina. 000. Pelle Scozia Bianco. Cassina’s illustrious legacy includes being one of the first companies to bring industrial design to Italy in the 1950s. Lounge Chair LC4 in Black Leather attributed to Le Corbusier for Cassina, Italy, 1960s. Processed with a special tanning method, the soft, comfortable surface enhances the sense of. Cassina de' Pecchi, in the province of Milan; Cassina Rizzardi, in the province of Como; Cassina Valsassina, in the province of Lecco; Cassina Amata, in the. Shop our selection of the finest modern Italian designer dining chairs and other furniture pieces. The unpretentious innovation of the adjustable headrest and the reassuring appearance and simplicity of the soft padding sum up the singularity of this design by Vico Magistretti. 32,67 in x 26,2 in x 33,85h in. Murs Roses. 43 in. View Full Details. Places in Italy. Soriana History. A. l. Located in New York, NY. The stunning Dine Out family of tables designed by Rodolfo Dordoni as outdoor furnishings is known for its sophisticated style. Explore the Cassina design tables: Dining tables, consoles and desks created by the most. Chair frames present quite well, showing only various scattered light surface scuffs/chips to painted wood associated with age and use. See more ideas about furniture, design, cassina. r. H 29. di Torino REA N. A - Sede legale: 1, Via L. Posted 27 minutes ago. Gio Ponti with a single sign, a continuous line, gives the idea of continuity and plasticity. iscrizione Registro Imprese 09731630159 Ufficio del Registro Imprese di Milano Monza Brianza Lodi Partita IVA 00976180968 Direzione e coordinamento di Haworth Italy Holding S. Cassina is one of the respectful Italian leather furniture brands with an immaculate. Busnelli 20821 Meda (MB) Capitale Sociale € 16. The medium-sized chair comes in at 49x52x82 cm. Le Corbusier’s LC2 collection has several products with different sizes that can inhabit any space that needs beautiful seating components. Italian refugees walk along a roadway. Although initially specialized in bespoke woodworking and high-end interiors, by the 1950s the brothers took the company in a new direction, anticipating the growing. Founded in 1927 in Meda, Italy, by brothers Cesare and Umberto Cassina, the Italian manufacturing giant originally specialized in bespoke woodworking. Le Corbusier Lounge Chair LC4 ,Black Leather For Cassina, Italy, 2010. stili di ambiente dining. Materials. Direzione e coordinamento di Haworth Italy Holding S. r. He was editor of Domus magazine (1985-1991). Vico Magistretti 905 armchair for Cassina, Italy, 1960s. e nr. Sold Out. AED 12,000. Manufactured by Cassina Italy, 1970, lacquered wood, black lacquered metal. Materials. Gio Ponti Armchair for Cassina, Italy, 1950s. 25 in. Their new furniture included Wedge by Nendo,. . iscrizione Registro Imprese 09731630159 Ufficio del Registro Imprese di Milano Monza Brianza LodiAn architect, furniture and industrial designer and editor, Gio Ponti was arguably the most influential figure in 20th-century Italian modernism. 000. Hayon set up his own studio practice in the year 2000 and dedicated himself fully. 38. Six CAB 412 chairs by Mario Bellini for Cassina, Italy 1977. 000. Original Painting: Acrylic, Spray Paint, Chalk, Pastel, Marker on Canvas. Cassina S. Shop our italian leather sofa sets selection from top sellers and makers around the world. Category Vintage 1970s Italian Post. Maxalto expands its collection by introducing new fabrics and textiles. Italy . l. In a continuing dialogue between past, present, and future, Cassina has created the I Maestri collection, revisiting furnishing designs by the twentieth century’s best-known architects, including Le Corbusier, Pierre Jeanneret, Charlotte Perriand, Charles Rennie Mackintosh, Gerrit Thomas Rietveld. A - Sede legale: 1, Via L. $10,368. Ponti (1891–1979) designed thousands of furnishings and products — from cabinets, lamps and chairs to ceramics and coffeemakers — and his buildings, including the brawny Pirelli Tower (1956) in his native. The Traccia — from the Italian for “track,” as in animal track — was created for the 1939 opening of art dealer Leo Castelli’s first gallery, on the Place Vendôme in Paris. Materials. 226, 229, 233-235, 251-252 - Lisa Licitra Ponti, Gio Ponti: The Complete Work 1923-1978, The MIT Press. In Ghent, Belgium. 53 in. Production: Cassina, Italy. Modern, sophisticated designs by the top designers, from Philippe Starck to Piero Lissoni. Cassina S. Category Early 2000s Lounge Chairs. Cassina . B&B Italia: leader of high quality modern furniture, contemporary furniture, outdoor furniture and furnishing for home and businesses Cassina’s illustrious legacy includes being one of the first companies to bring industrial design to Italy in the 1950s. 1 Frank Lloyd Wright (American architect,. Designed by Gerrit Rietveld for G. Founded in 1927 in Meda, Italy, by brothers Cesare and Umberto Cassina, the Italian manufacturing giant originally specialized in bespoke woodworking. 45 in. The round table comes with the top and conical base in concrete or terrazzo; alternatively, the conical bases in terrazzo or concrete are matched with a round top made of teak slats. l. p. Innovative architect, industrial designer, and urban planner Vico Magistretti was a driving force in Italian design from the 1960s onwards. It is a versatile dicano suitable for all types of environments . 000. These are the assumptions for a Maxalto home. The beautifulSaatchi Art is pleased to offer the painting, "Le Monde masqué," by Matteo Cassina, available for purchase at $2,046 USD. 905 is an elegant chair made of solid wood and cowhide, where design translates to practical simplicity. The LC4 is included in the permanent collection of the Museum of Modern Art in New York. The armchair measures 76x70x68 cm. Founded in 1927 in Meda, Italy, by brothers Cesare and Umberto Cassina, the Italian manufacturing giant originally specialized in bespoke woodworking. p. The wood structur. [3] Cassino is located at the foot of Monte Cairo near the confluence of the Gari and Liri rivers. Great set of 6 Cab 413 leather dining chairs by Mario Bellini for Cassina Italy. Category Mid-20th Century Italian Mid-Century Modern Afra. Gio Ponti, Style Superleggera Armchair by Cassina, Italy 1960. Table designed by Charlotte Perriand in 1972. e nr. LC3 Divano 3 posti. An armchairWhile origin stories behind the world’s timeless designs vary widely, the story of the Maralunga sofa is one of the best in design lore: As legend has it, when Cassina founder Cesare Cassina first saw the prototype for the piece in the mid-1970s by Italian furniture designer Vico Magistretti (1920–2006), he was so disgusted by it that he. This winning idea was further encouraged by post-war reconstruction. GALLERY. Discover the entire Cassina furniture collection on Design Italy. View Full Details. 64 in D 37. 1976 Cassina, Italy $1,400. View Full Details. read more. l. r. GALLERY. p. Category 2010s Italian Mid-Century Modern Sofas. [14] [15] ^. Manufactured by Cassina in Italy. e nr. Company founded in 1927 in Meda, by the brothers Cesare and Umberto Cassina, which transforms itself from an artisan workshop to an industry at the end of the 1950s when the company was commissioned to furnish the interiors of large cruise ships. The sofa still has the original Mohair velvet fabric. Category 1950s Italian Mid-Century Modern Vintage Carlo de Carli Furniture. VIEW OTHER CATALOGUES +. The smallest variant measures 37x33x57 cm. This iconic chair reflects Charles Rennie Mackintosh’s style and his fearless approach to the most challenging manufacturing processes. Driven by research, experimentation and engineering, Cassina develops, produces and installs custom furnishings for contract projects. Constructed of four geometric marble shapes which form the base including a solid Carrara marble pyramid, travertine cylinder, black marble block and granite sphere and a large thick 19mm new glass plate.